Core concepts

Loading data

Before a +page.svelte component (and its containing +layout.svelte components) can be rendered, we often need to get some data. This is done by defining load functions.

Page datapermalink

A +page.svelte file can have a sibling +page.js that exports a load function, the return value of which is available to the page via the data prop:

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export function load({ params }) {
	return {
		post: {
			title: `Title for ${params.slug} goes here`,
			content: `Content for ${params.slug} goes here`
		}
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = ({ params }) => {
	return {
		post: {
			title: `Title for ${params.slug} goes here`,
			content: `Content for ${params.slug} goes here`,
		},
	};
};

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte

<script>
	/** @type {import('./$types').PageData} */
	export let data;
</script>

<h1>{data.post.title}</h1>
<div>{@html data.post.content}</div>

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import type { PageData } from './$types';
	
	export let data: PageData;
</script>

<h1>{data.post.title}</h1>
<div>{@html data.post.content}</div>

Thanks to the generated $types module, we get full type safety.

A load function in a +page.js file runs both on the server and in the browser (unless combined with export const ssr = false, in which case it will only run in the browser). If your load function should always run on the server (because it uses private environment variables, for example, or accesses a database) then it would go in a +page.server.js instead.

A more realistic version of your blog post's load function, that only runs on the server and pulls data from a database, might look like this:

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.js

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';

/** @type {import('./$types').PageServerLoad} */
export async function load({ params }) {
	return {
		post: await db.getPost(params.slug)
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.ts

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';
import type { PageServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageServerLoad = async ({ params }) => {
	return {
		post: await db.getPost(params.slug),
	};
};

Notice that the type changed from PageLoad to PageServerLoad, because server load functions can access additional arguments. To understand when to use +page.js and when to use +page.server.js, see Universal vs server.

Layout datapermalink

Your +layout.svelte files can also load data, via +layout.js or +layout.server.js.

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.server.js

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';

/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutServerLoad} */
export async function load() {
	return {
		posts: await db.getPostSummaries()
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.server.ts

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';
import type { LayoutServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutServerLoad = async () => {
	return {
		posts: await db.getPostSummaries(),
	};
};

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.svelte

<script>
	/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutData} */
	export let data;
</script>

<main>
	<!-- +page.svelte is rendered in this <slot> -->
	<slot />
</main>

<aside>
	<h2>More posts</h2>
	<ul>
		{#each data.posts as post}
			<li>
				<a href="/blog/{post.slug}">
					{post.title}
				</a>
			</li>
		{/each}
	</ul>
</aside>

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import type { LayoutData } from './$types';
	
	export let data: LayoutData;
</script>

<main>
	<!-- +page.svelte is rendered in this <slot> -->
	<slot />
</main>

<aside>
	<h2>More posts</h2>
	<ul>
		{#each data.posts as post}
			<li>
				<a href="/blog/{post.slug}">
					{post.title}
				</a>
			</li>
		{/each}
	</ul>
</aside>

Data returned from layout load functions is available to child +layout.svelte components and the +page.svelte component as well as the layout that it 'belongs' to.

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte

<script>
	import { page } from '$app/stores';

	/** @type {import('./$types').PageData} */
	export let data;

	// we can access `data.posts` because it's returned from
	// the parent layout `load` function
	$: index = data.posts.findIndex(post => post.slug === $page.params.slug);
	$: next = data.posts[index - 1];
</script>

<h1>{data.post.title}</h1>
<div>{@html data.post.content}</div>

{#if next}
	<p>Next post: <a href="/blog/{next.slug}">{next.title}</a></p>
{/if}

If multiple load functions return data with the same key, the last one 'wins' — the result of a layout load returning { a: 1, b: 2 } and a page load returning { b: 3, c: 4 } would be { a: 1, b: 3, c: 4 }.

$page.datapermalink

The +page.svelte component, and each +layout.svelte component above it, has access to its own data plus all the data from its parents.

In some cases, we might need the opposite — a parent layout might need to access page data or data from a child layout. For example, the root layout might want to access a title property returned from a load function in +page.js or +page.server.js. This can be done with $page.data:

src/routes/+layout.svelte

<script>
	import { page } from '$app/stores';
</script>

<svelte:head>
	<title>{$page.data.title}</title>
</svelte:head>

src/routes/+layout.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import { page } from '$app/stores';
</script>

<svelte:head>
	<title>{$page.data.title}</title>
</svelte:head>

Type information for $page.data is provided by App.PageData.

Universal vs serverpermalink

As we've seen, there are two types of load function:

+page.js and +layout.js files export universal load functions that run both on the server and in the browser
+page.server.js and +layout.server.js files export server load functions that only run server-side

Conceptually, they're the same thing, but there are some important differences to be aware of.

When does which load function run?permalink

Server load functions always run on the server.

By default, universal load functions run on the server during SSR when the user first visits your page. They will then run again during hydration, reusing any responses from fetch requests. All subsequent invocations of universal load functions happen in the browser. You can customize the behavior through page options. If you disable server side rendering, you'll get an SPA and universal load functions always run on the client.

A load function is invoked at runtime, unless you prerender the page — in that case, it's invoked at build time.

Inputpermalink

Both universal and server load functions have access to properties describing the request (params, route and url) and various functions (fetch, setHeaders, parent, depends and untrack). These are described in the following sections.

Server load functions are called with a ServerLoadEvent, which inherits clientAddress, cookies, locals, platform and request from RequestEvent.

Universal load functions are called with a LoadEvent, which has a data property. If you have load functions in both +page.js and +page.server.js (or +layout.js and +layout.server.js), the return value of the server load function is the data property of the universal load function's argument.

Outputpermalink

A universal load function can return an object containing any values, including things like custom classes and component constructors.

A server load function must return data that can be serialized with devalue — anything that can be represented as JSON plus things like BigInt, Date, Map, Set and RegExp, or repeated/cyclical references — so that it can be transported over the network. Your data can include promises, in which case it will be streamed to browsers.

When to use whichpermalink

Server load functions are convenient when you need to access data directly from a database or filesystem, or need to use private environment variables.

Universal load functions are useful when you need to fetch data from an external API and don't need private credentials, since SvelteKit can get the data directly from the API rather than going via your server. They are also useful when you need to return something that can't be serialized, such as a Svelte component constructor.

In rare cases, you might need to use both together — for example, you might need to return an instance of a custom class that was initialised with data from your server.

Using URL datapermalink

Often the load function depends on the URL in one way or another. For this, the load function provides you with url, route and params.

urlpermalink

An instance of URL, containing properties like the origin, hostname, pathname and searchParams (which contains the parsed query string as a URLSearchParams object). url.hash cannot be accessed during load, since it is unavailable on the server.

In some environments this is derived from request headers during server-side rendering. If you're using adapter-node, for example, you may need to configure the adapter in order for the URL to be correct.

routepermalink

Contains the name of the current route directory, relative to src/routes:

src/routes/a/[b]/[...c]/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export function load({ route }) {
	console.log(route.id); // '/a/[b]/[...c]'
}

src/routes/a/[b]/[...c]/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = ({ route }) => {
	console.log(route.id); // '/a/[b]/[...c]'
};

paramspermalink

params is derived from url.pathname and route.id.

Given a route.id of /a/[b]/[...c] and a url.pathname of /a/x/y/z, the params object would look like this:

ts
{
	"b": "x",
	"c": "y/z"
}

Making fetch requestspermalink

To get data from an external API or a +server.js handler, you can use the provided fetch function, which behaves identically to the native fetch web API with a few additional features:

It can be used to make credentialed requests on the server, as it inherits the cookie and authorization headers for the page request.
It can make relative requests on the server (ordinarily, fetch requires a URL with an origin when used in a server context).
Internal requests (e.g. for +server.js routes) go directly to the handler function when running on the server, without the overhead of an HTTP call.
During server-side rendering, the response will be captured and inlined into the rendered HTML by hooking into the text, json and arrayBuffer methods of the Response object. Note that headers will not be serialized, unless explicitly included via filterSerializedResponseHeaders.
During hydration, the response will be read from the HTML, guaranteeing consistency and preventing an additional network request - if you received a warning in your browser console when using the browser fetch instead of the load fetch, this is why.

src/routes/items/[id]/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ fetch, params }) {
	const res = await fetch(`/api/items/${params.id}`);
	const item = await res.json();

	return { item };
}

src/routes/items/[id]/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ fetch, params }) => {
	const res = await fetch(`/api/items/${params.id}`);
	const item = await res.json();

	return { item };
};

Cookiespermalink

A server load function can get and set cookies.

src/routes/+layout.server.js

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';

/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutServerLoad} */
export async function load({ cookies }) {
	const sessionid = cookies.get('sessionid');

	return {
		user: await db.getUser(sessionid)
	};
}

src/routes/+layout.server.ts

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';
import type { LayoutServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutServerLoad = async ({ cookies }) => {
	const sessionid = cookies.get('sessionid');

	return {
		user: await db.getUser(sessionid),
	};
};

Cookies will only be passed through the provided fetch function if the target host is the same as the SvelteKit application or a more specific subdomain of it.

For example, if SvelteKit is serving my.domain.com:

domain.com WILL NOT receive cookies
my.domain.com WILL receive cookies
api.domain.com WILL NOT receive cookies
sub.my.domain.com WILL receive cookies

Other cookies will not be passed when credentials: 'include' is set, because SvelteKit does not know which domain which cookie belongs to (the browser does not pass this information along), so it's not safe to forward any of them. Use the handleFetch hook to work around it.

Headerspermalink

Both server and universal load functions have access to a setHeaders function that, when running on the server, can set headers for the response. (When running in the browser, setHeaders has no effect.) This is useful if you want the page to be cached, for example:

src/routes/products/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ fetch, setHeaders }) {
	const url = `https://cms.example.com/products.json`;
	const response = await fetch(url);

	// cache the page for the same length of time
	// as the underlying data
	setHeaders({
		age: response.headers.get('age'),
		'cache-control': response.headers.get('cache-control')
	});

	return response.json();
}

src/routes/products/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ fetch, setHeaders }) => {
	const url = `https://cms.example.com/products.json`;
	const response = await fetch(url);

	// cache the page for the same length of time
	// as the underlying data
	setHeaders({
		age: response.headers.get('age'),
		'cache-control': response.headers.get('cache-control'),
	});

	return response.json();
};

Setting the same header multiple times (even in separate load functions) is an error — you can only set a given header once. You cannot add a set-cookie header with setHeaders — use cookies.set(name, value, options) instead.

Using parent datapermalink

Occasionally it's useful for a load function to access data from a parent load function, which can be done with await parent():

src/routes/+layout.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutLoad} */
export function load() {
	return { a: 1 };
}

src/routes/+layout.ts

ts
import type { LayoutLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutLoad = () => {
	return { a: 1 };
};

src/routes/abc/+layout.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutLoad} */
export async function load({ parent }) {
	const { a } = await parent();
	return { b: a + 1 };
}

src/routes/abc/+layout.ts

ts
import type { LayoutLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutLoad = async ({ parent }) => {
	const { a } = await parent();
	return { b: a + 1 };
};

src/routes/abc/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ parent }) {
	const { a, b } = await parent();
	return { c: a + b };
}

src/routes/abc/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ parent }) => {
	const { a, b } = await parent();
	return { c: a + b };
};

src/routes/abc/+page.svelte

<script>
	/** @type {import('./$types').PageData} */
	export let data;
</script>

<!-- renders `1 + 2 = 3` -->
<p>{data.a} + {data.b} = {data.c}</p>

src/routes/abc/+page.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import type { PageData } from './$types';
	
	export let data: PageData;
</script>

<!-- renders `1 + 2 = 3` -->
<p>{data.a} + {data.b} = {data.c}</p>

Notice that the load function in +page.js receives the merged data from both layout load functions, not just the immediate parent.

Inside +page.server.js and +layout.server.js, parent returns data from parent +layout.server.js files.

In +page.js or +layout.js it will return data from parent +layout.js files. However, a missing +layout.js is treated as a ({ data }) => data function, meaning that it will also return data from parent +layout.server.js files that are not 'shadowed' by a +layout.js file

Take care not to introduce waterfalls when using await parent(). Here, for example, getData(params) does not depend on the result of calling parent(), so we should call it first to avoid a delayed render.

+page.js

/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ params, parent }) {
	const parentData = await parent();
	const data = await getData(params);
	const parentData = await parent();

	return {
		...data
		meta: { ...parentData.meta, ...data.meta }
	};
}

Errorspermalink

If an error is thrown during load, the nearest +error.svelte will be rendered. For expected errors, use the error helper from @sveltejs/kit to specify the HTTP status code and an optional message:

src/routes/admin/+layout.server.js

ts
import { error } from '@sveltejs/kit';

/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutServerLoad} */
export function load({ locals }) {
	if (!locals.user) {
		error(401, 'not logged in');
	}

	if (!locals.user.isAdmin) {
		error(403, 'not an admin');
	}
}

src/routes/admin/+layout.server.ts

ts
import { error } from '@sveltejs/kit';
import type { LayoutServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutServerLoad = ({ locals }) => {
	if (!locals.user) {
		error(401, 'not logged in');
	}

	if (!locals.user.isAdmin) {
		error(403, 'not an admin');
	}
};

Calling error(...) will throw an exception, making it easy to stop execution from inside helper functions.

If an unexpected error is thrown, SvelteKit will invoke handleError and treat it as a 500 Internal Error.

In SvelteKit 1.x you had to throw the error yourself

Redirectspermalink

To redirect users, use the redirect helper from @sveltejs/kit to specify the location to which they should be redirected alongside a 3xx status code. Like error(...), calling redirect(...) will throw an exception, making it easy to stop execution from inside helper functions.

src/routes/user/+layout.server.js

ts
import { redirect } from '@sveltejs/kit';

/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutServerLoad} */
export function load({ locals }) {
	if (!locals.user) {
		redirect(307, '/login');
	}
}

src/routes/user/+layout.server.ts

ts
import { redirect } from '@sveltejs/kit';
import type { LayoutServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutServerLoad = ({ locals }) => {
	if (!locals.user) {
		redirect(307, '/login');
	}
};

Don't use redirect() inside a try {...} block, as the redirect will immediately trigger the catch statement.

In the browser, you can also navigate programmatically outside of a load function using goto from $app.navigation.

In SvelteKit 1.x you had to throw the redirect yourself

Streaming with promisespermalink

When using a server load, promises will be streamed to the browser as they resolve. This is useful if you have slow, non-essential data, since you can start rendering the page before all the data is available:

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageServerLoad} */
export async function load({ params }) {
	return {
		// make sure the `await` happens at the end, otherwise we
		// can't start loading comments until we've loaded the post
		comments: loadComments(params.slug),
		post: await loadPost(params.slug)
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.ts

ts
import type { PageServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageServerLoad = async ({ params }) => {
	return {
		// make sure the `await` happens at the end, otherwise we
		// can't start loading comments until we've loaded the post
		comments: loadComments(params.slug),
		post: await loadPost(params.slug),
	};
};

This is useful for creating skeleton loading states, for example:

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte

<script>
	/** @type {import('./$types').PageData} */
	export let data;
</script>

<h1>{data.post.title}</h1>
<div>{@html data.post.content}</div>

{#await data.comments}
	Loading comments...
{:then comments}
	{#each comments as comment}
		<p>{comment.content}</p>
	{/each}
{:catch error}
	<p>error loading comments: {error.message}</p>
{/await}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import type { PageData } from './$types';
	
	export let data: PageData;
</script>

<h1>{data.post.title}</h1>
<div>{@html data.post.content}</div>

{#await data.comments}
	Loading comments...
{:then comments}
	{#each comments as comment}
		<p>{comment.content}</p>
	{/each}
{:catch error}
	<p>error loading comments: {error.message}</p>
{/await}

When streaming data, be careful to handle promise rejections correctly. More specifically, the server could crash with an "unhandled promise rejection" error if a lazy-loaded promise fails before rendering starts (at which point it's caught) and isn't handling the error in some way. When using SvelteKit's fetch directly in the load function, SvelteKit will handle this case for you. For other promises, it is enough to attach a noop-catch to the promise to mark it as handled.

src/routes/+page.server.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageServerLoad} */
export function load({ fetch }) {
	const ok_manual = Promise.reject();
	ok_manual.catch(() => {});

	return {
		ok_manual,
		ok_fetch: fetch('/fetch/that/could/fail'),
		dangerous_unhandled: Promise.reject()
	};
}

src/routes/+page.server.ts

ts
import type { PageServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageServerLoad = ({ fetch }) => {
	const ok_manual = Promise.reject();
	ok_manual.catch(() => {});

	return {
		ok_manual,
		ok_fetch: fetch('/fetch/that/could/fail'),
		dangerous_unhandled: Promise.reject(),
	};
};

On platforms that do not support streaming, such as AWS Lambda, responses will be buffered. This means the page will only render once all promises resolve. If you are using a proxy (e.g. NGINX), make sure it does not buffer responses from the proxied server.

Streaming data will only work when JavaScript is enabled. You should avoid returning promises from a universal load function if the page is server rendered, as these are not streamed — instead, the promise is recreated when the function reruns in the browser.

The headers and status code of a response cannot be changed once the response has started streaming, therefore you cannot setHeaders or throw redirects inside a streamed promise.

In SvelteKit 1.x top-level promises were automatically awaited, only nested promises were streamed.

Parallel loadingpermalink

When rendering (or navigating to) a page, SvelteKit runs all load functions concurrently, avoiding a waterfall of requests. During client-side navigation, the result of calling multiple server load functions are grouped into a single response. Once all load functions have returned, the page is rendered.

Rerunning load functionspermalink

SvelteKit tracks the dependencies of each load function to avoid rerunning it unnecessarily during navigation.

For example, given a pair of load functions like these...

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.js

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';

/** @type {import('./$types').PageServerLoad} */
export async function load({ params }) {
	return {
		post: await db.getPost(params.slug)
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+page.server.ts

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';
import type { PageServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageServerLoad = async ({ params }) => {
	return {
		post: await db.getPost(params.slug),
	};
};

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.server.js

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';

/** @type {import('./$types').LayoutServerLoad} */
export async function load() {
	return {
		posts: await db.getPostSummaries()
	};
}

src/routes/blog/[slug]/+layout.server.ts

ts
import * as db from '$lib/server/database';
import type { LayoutServerLoad } from './$types';

export const load: LayoutServerLoad = async () => {
	return {
		posts: await db.getPostSummaries(),
	};
};

...the one in +page.server.js will rerun if we navigate from /blog/trying-the-raw-meat-diet to /blog/i-regret-my-choices because params.slug has changed. The one in +layout.server.js will not, because the data is still valid. In other words, we won't call db.getPostSummaries() a second time.

A load function that calls await parent() will also rerun if a parent load function is rerun.

Dependency tracking does not apply after the load function has returned — for example, accessing params.x inside a nested promise will not cause the function to rerun when params.x changes. (Don't worry, you'll get a warning in development if you accidentally do this.) Instead, access the parameter in the main body of your load function.

Search parameters are tracked independently from the rest of the url. For example, accessing event.url.searchParams.get("x") inside a load function will make that load function re-run when navigating from ?x=1 to ?x=2, but not when navigating from ?x=1&y=1 to ?x=1&y=2.

Untracking dependenciespermalink

In rare cases, you may wish to exclude something from the dependency tracking mechanism. You can do this with the provided untrack function:

src/routes/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ untrack, url }) {
	// Untrack url.pathname so that path changes don't trigger a rerun
	if (untrack(() => url.pathname === '/')) {
		return { message: 'Welcome!' };
	}
}

src/routes/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ untrack, url }) => {
	// Untrack url.pathname so that path changes don't trigger a rerun
	if (untrack(() => url.pathname === '/')) {
		return { message: 'Welcome!' };
	}
};

Manual invalidationpermalink

You can also rerun load functions that apply to the current page using invalidate(url), which reruns all load functions that depend on url, and invalidateAll(), which reruns every load function. Server load functions will never automatically depend on a fetched url to avoid leaking secrets to the client.

A load function depends on url if it calls fetch(url) or depends(url). Note that url can be a custom identifier that starts with [a-z]::

src/routes/random-number/+page.js

ts
/** @type {import('./$types').PageLoad} */
export async function load({ fetch, depends }) {
	// load reruns when `invalidate('https://api.example.com/random-number')` is called...
	const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/random-number');

	// ...or when `invalidate('app:random')` is called
	depends('app:random');

	return {
		number: await response.json()
	};
}

src/routes/random-number/+page.ts

ts
import type { PageLoad } from './$types';

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ fetch, depends }) => {
	// load reruns when `invalidate('https://api.example.com/random-number')` is called...
	const response = await fetch('https://api.example.com/random-number');

	// ...or when `invalidate('app:random')` is called
	depends('app:random');

	return {
		number: await response.json(),
	};
};

src/routes/random-number/+page.svelte

<script>
	import { invalidate, invalidateAll } from '$app/navigation';

	/** @type {import('./$types').PageData} */
	export let data;

	function rerunLoadFunction() {
		// any of these will cause the `load` function to rerun
		invalidate('app:random');
		invalidate('https://api.example.com/random-number');
		invalidate(url => url.href.includes('random-number'));
		invalidateAll();
	}
</script>

<p>random number: {data.number}</p>
<button on:click={rerunLoadFunction}>Update random number</button>

src/routes/random-number/+page.svelte

<script lang="ts">
	import { invalidate, invalidateAll } from '$app/navigation';
	
	import type { PageData } from './$types';
	
	export let data: PageData;
	
	function rerunLoadFunction() {
		// any of these will cause the `load` function to rerun
		invalidate('app:random');
		invalidate('https://api.example.com/random-number');
		invalidate((url) => url.href.includes('random-number'));
		invalidateAll();
	}
</script>

<p>random number: {data.number}</p>
<button on:click={rerunLoadFunction}>Update random number</button>

When do load functions rerun?permalink

To summarize, a load function will rerun in the following situations:

It references a property of params whose value has changed
It references a property of url (such as url.pathname or url.search) whose value has changed. Properties in request.url are not tracked
It calls url.searchParams.get(...), url.searchParams.getAll(...) or url.searchParams.has(...) and the parameter in question changes. Accessing other properties of url.searchParams will have the same effect as accessing url.search.
It calls await parent() and a parent load function reran
It declared a dependency on a specific URL via fetch (universal load only) or depends, and that URL was marked invalid with invalidate(url)
All active load functions were forcibly rerun with invalidateAll()

params and url can change in response to a <a href=".."> link click, a <form> interaction, a goto invocation, or a redirect.

Note that rerunning a load function will update the data prop inside the corresponding +layout.svelte or +page.svelte; it does not cause the component to be recreated. As a result, internal state is preserved. If this isn't what you want, you can reset whatever you need to reset inside an afterNavigate callback, and/or wrap your component in a {#key ...} block.

Implications for authenticationpermalink

A couple features of loading data have important implications for auth checks:

Layout load functions do not run on every request, such as during client side navigation between child routes. (When do load functions rerun?)
Layout and page load functions run concurrently unless await parent() is called. If a layout load throws, the page load function runs, but the client will not receive the returned data.

There are a few possible strategies to ensure an auth check occurs before protected code.

To prevent data waterfalls and preserve layout load caches:

Use hooks to protect multiple routes before any load functions run
Use auth guards directly in +page.server.js load functions for route specific protection

Putting an auth guard in +layout.server.js requires all child pages to call await parent() before protected code. Unless every child page depends on returned data from await parent(), the other options will be more performant.

Loading data

Page datapermalink

Layout datapermalink

$page.datapermalink

Universal vs serverpermalink

When does which load function run?permalink

Inputpermalink

Outputpermalink

When to use whichpermalink

Using URL datapermalink

urlpermalink

routepermalink

paramspermalink

Making fetch requestspermalink

Cookiespermalink

Headerspermalink

Using parent datapermalink

Errorspermalink

Redirectspermalink

Streaming with promisespermalink

Parallel loadingpermalink

Rerunning load functionspermalink

Untracking dependenciespermalink

Manual invalidationpermalink

When do load functions rerun?permalink

Implications for authenticationpermalink

Further readingpermalink